Ich schließe mich Elke Grittmanns und Ilona Ammanns These von der Reaktualisierung
der Pathosformeln an, insofern der visuelle Anschluss von Pressefotografien an
bestimmte ikonografische Muster Bilder von einfacher, symbolhafter und unmittelbarer
Lesbarkeit generiert. Über Grittmann und Ammann hinaus ist es mir jedoch wichtig zu betonen, dass sich diese symbolhafte Lesbarkeit vor allem in ganz spezifischen kulturellen Rezeptionskontexten herstellt und damit als Ausdruck eines dominanten Mediendiskurses und einer Reproduktion hegemonialer Diskurse zu verstehen ist. Die Tatsache, dass ein im algerischen Bürgerkrieg aufgenommenes Bild einer trauernden Frau scheinbar unmittelbar im Sinne einer christlich-abendländischen Ikonografie als trauernde Mutter gelesen wird, obwohl die große Mehrheit der Bevölkerung des heutigen Algeriens islamischen Glaubens ist, verweist auf einen christlich dominierten Rezeptionskontext und macht deutlich, dass letztlich auch solche scheinbar eindeutigen Bilder immer einer Vieldeutigkeit
verhaftet bleiben, da sie in einem anderen Zusammenhang durchaus anders oder zumindest weniger eindeutig und unmittelbar zu lesen wären.
Die spezifischen, sich im Medienkontext konstituierenden Wahrnehmungsmodalitäten
ergeben sich nicht zuletzt aus den Wirkungen eines ununterbrochenen Bilderflusses,
der uns rund um die Uhr über die verschiedenen Medienkanäle mit Bildern aktueller
Ereignisse versorgt. Der stete Bilderstrom, der uns Bilder immer nur im Kontext weiterer Bilder wahrnehmen lässt, muss notwendig zu einer Banalisierung und Reduzierung der Aufmerksamkeit führen. Die Bilder werden weniger gelesen und decodiert als vielmehr nur ‚gescannt‘, das heißt auf der Suche nach Auffälligem oder Besonderem überflogen.
Dies wird besonders deutlich, wenn man sich die Arbeitsbedingungen der meisten Bildredakteure vor Augen führt, die die Masse der Bilder, die sie für die Publikationen, für die sie arbeiten, auswählen, über digitale Datenbanken recherchieren. Ihre Auswahl nehmen die Bildredakteure dabei über Suchbegriffe vor, die sie in diese Datenbanken eingeben. Auf ihre Eingabe hin erhalten sie zumeist eine Vielzahl von Bildern unterschiedlichster Anbieter, die kleinformatig auf ihren Bildschirmen angezeigt werden. Die journalistische Bildauswahl, die Bildredakteure vornehmen, vollzieht sich demnach im ersten Schritt über maximal 3 x 4 cm kleine auf dem Bildschirm abgebildete Fotografien, die erst in einem späteren Schritt ‚groß geklickt‘ und dann einer genaueren Prüfung unterzogen werden. Es wird deutlich, dass bestimmte bildformale Aspekte und Ästhetiken, nämlich solche, die auf eine leichtere Lesbarkeit der Bilder auch im kleinen Format setzen, gerade im ersten Schritt eher ausgewählt werden als beispielsweise Bilder mit einem komplexen Bildaufbau. Nicht zuletzt hierin liegt die Ursache, warum viele Bilder auf Schockeffekte setzen, da diese die Möglichkeit bieten, im ,gescannten Bilderstrom‘ die Aufmerksamkeit auf sich zu ziehen. Insofern rücken gerade affektive Werte der Bilder in den Vordergrund. „Die Wahrnehmung [...] wird zu einer seltsamen Mischung aus Hyperemotionalität, Abstumpfung durch Banalisierung und Wiederholung und Gleichgültigkeit vor der Überfülle der Impulse. Dazu kommt das Fehlen der Erinnerung, die von dem kontinuierlichen Wechsel immer neuer Reize ausgelöscht
wird.“
Bevorzugtes Terrain des Bildjournalismus ist daher das mit Emotionen affizierte
Bild. Susanne Holschbach spricht in diesem Zusammenhang von einem „Stil des Humanen“. Ich übernehme im Folgenden diesen Begriff zur Typologisierung einer auf Emotionen setzenden Bildsprache, weil mir Holschbachs Hinweis auf die für viele Pressefotografien charakteristische Emotionalisierung über eine spezifische Bildsprache wesentlich erscheint, auch wenn mir Holschbachs Begrifflichkeit des Stils letztlich zu sehr auf eine rein stilistische Komponente verweist. Der sogenannte ‚Stil des Humanen‘ setzt oftmals auf die Reaktualisierung bekannter Pathosformeln. Vor allem das Zeigen menschlicher Gefühle wie Trauer, Freude und Schmerz scheint der unmittelbarste Weg, um Gefühle beim Betrachter hervorzurufen und seine Aufmerksamkeit zu binden. So formuliert beispielsweise der ,Stern‘ als eines der größten deutschen Reportagemagazine in einer Selbstdarstellung seiner Philosophie, er suche „die menschliche Seite der Nachricht“ zu zeigen. Der Bildchef Andreas Trampe sagt hierzu in einem Interview mit der Zeitschrift ,Photonews‘, dass es dem ,Stern‘ wichtig sei, „greifbare Gesichter der Geschichte“ zu drucken, und „Stern-Optik“ bedeute, „eine Person zu einer Geschichte in ihrem authentischen Umfeld zu zeigen“. Der ,Stern‘ steht damit für eine Art 37-Grad-Journalismus, der bewusst eine Emotionalisierung über Bilder anstrebt. Auch wenn man
I agree me Elke Grittmanns and Ilona Ammann's thesis of the re updatingthe pathos formulas, so the Visual connection from press photographs tocertain iconographic pattern, symbolhafter and immediate pictures of simpleReadability is generated. Grittmann and Ammann, it is however important to stress that arises from this symbolic readability especially in specific cultural contexts of reception and is thus to be understood as expression of a dominant media discourse and a reproduction of hegemonic discourses. The fact that a picture of a grieving woman recorded in the Algerian civil war, appeared to be read in the sense of a Christian Western iconography as a grieving mother even though the vast majority of the population of today's Algeria of Islamic faith is, refers to a Christian-dominated reception context and makes it clear that ultimately such seemingly explicit images always an ambiguityremain under arrest because they would be in a different context to read quite differently, or at least less clearly and directly.The Wahrnehmungsmodalitäten specific, constituting themselves in the context of medialast but not least arise from the effects of a continuous flow of images,.the us round the clock through different media channels with images currentEvents provided. The constant image stream that perceive images only in the context of other images to us that must lead to a trivialization and reduction of attention necessary. The images are less read and decoded as the only 'scanned', i.e. covered in search of striking or special.This becomes especially clear when you consider the working conditions of most image editors in mind, which investigate the mass of images that they select for the publications for which they work, through digital databases. Image editors here take your selection on search terms that enter into these databases. On their input they mostly get a variety of images of different providers that almost appear on their screens. The journalistic image selection, image editors that make is therefore the first step of maximum of 3 x 4 cm small photographs depicted on the screen in a later step ' big clicked ' and then subjected to greater scrutiny. It is clear that certain image-formal aspects and aesthetics, namely those who rely on an easier readability of images in small format, rather be selected in the first step as, for example, images with a complex screen layout. Last but not least herein lies the reason why many pictures put on shock effects, since they offer the possibility, in the scanned image stream ' to draw attention to himself. In this respect back just affective values of the images in the foreground. "The perception of [...] is a strange mixture of hyper-emotionalism, blunting trivialization and repetition and indifference in the profusion of pulses. The lack of memory in addition, by the continuous change of new stimuli wiped outis." Preferred terrain of Photojournalism is therefore the affizierte with emotionsImage. Susanne Holschbach speaks in this context of a "style" of the humane. I assume this term to the typing of an imagery setting on emotions in the following, because Holschbachs seems essential reference to the characteristic of many press photographs Emotionalization of a specific visual language, even if Holschbachs conceptualization of style refers to me ultimately on a purely stylistic component. The so-called 'style' of the human often opts for re updating known formulas of pathos. The most immediate way seems especially showing human feelings as sadness, joy and pain, to cause feelings in the viewer and bind his attention. So, for example, the star formulated ' as one of the largest German reportage magazine in a self representation of his philosophy, he was looking to show "the human side of the news". The image Head Andreas Trampe Photonews ', said in an interview with the magazine, that's the Star ' is important to print "tangible faces of history", and "Star optics" mean "to show a person a history" in their authentic environment. The Star ' is kind of a 37-degree journalism, deliberately seeking an Emotionalization of images. Also if you
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I agree with Elke Grittmanns and Ilona Ammann's thesis of reactualization
of pathos formulas, so far as the visual connection of press photographs on
certain iconographic pattern images of simple, symbolic and immediate
readability generated. About Grittmann and Ammann, it is to me, however, important to stress that these symbolic readability manufactures especially in very specific cultural contexts and reception is thus to be understood as an expression of a dominant media discourse and a reproduction of hegemonic discourses. The fact that an image shot in the Algerian Civil War image of a grieving woman is read apparently directly in terms of Western Christian iconography as a grieving mother, although the vast majority of the population of present-day Algeria Islamic faith, refers to a Christian-dominated reception context and makes it clear that, ultimately, such a seemingly clear pictures always an ambiguity
remain detained because they were in a different context to read quite differently, or at least less clearly and directly.
The specific, in the media context constituent perceptual modalities
arise not least from the effects of an uninterrupted Pictures river ,
of us around the clock via the various media channels with images of current
supplies events. The constant stream of images, the image always makes us perceive only in the context of other images must lead to a trivialization and reduction of attention necessary. The images are 'read less and decoded but rather only scanned, that is looking for flashy or special overflown.
This is particularly evident when considering the working conditions of most image editors is remembered that the bulk of the images that you for the publications for which they work, choose Find on digital databases. Your selections take the picture editors here on keywords before they enter into these databases. On your entry you will get back mostly a plurality of images from different suppliers that appear small in size on their screens. The journalistic image selection, make the picture editors, therefore, takes place in the first step for a maximum of 3 x 4 cm little pictured on the screen photographs that are clicked large only at a later stage 'and then subjected to a closer examination. It is clear that certain formal aspects and image aesthetics, namely those that rely on a lighter readability of the images in small format, more currently selected in the first step, as for example, images with a complex screen layout. Finally, herein lies the reason why a lot of pictures put on shock effects, because they offer the opportunity to stay at to pull scanned images stream 'attention to themselves. Insofar back straight affective values of the images in the foreground. "The perception [...] is a strange mixture of Hyperemotionalität, blunting by trivializing and repetition and indifference before the overabundance of pulses. Add to this the lack of memory that wiped out from the continuous exchange of ever new stimuli
will.
"The preferred terrain of photojournalism is therefore the Reason affected with emotions
image. Susanne Holschbach speaks in this context of a "style of the human". I take hereinafter this term to typology of passing on emotions imagery because I Holschbachs indication of the characteristic for many press photographs emotional about a specific imagery significantly appears, even if Holschbachs concepts of style ultimately too refers me to a purely stylistic component. The so-called, of the human style 'is often on the reactualization known pathos formulas. Especially showing human emotions such as sadness, joy and pain seems the most direct way to elicit emotions in the viewer and retain his attention. So formulated, for example, the 'Stern' as one of the largest German reportage magazines in a self-presentation of his philosophy, he was looking to show "the human side of the news." Print The Chef Andreas Trampe said this in an interview with the magazine, Photo News' that the 'Stern' was important "tangible faces of history", and "Star Optics" mean "a person to a story in their to show authentic environment ". The Star 'thus represents a sort of 37-degree journalism that strives for a conscious emotional over images. Even if one
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i agree with every grittmanns and ilona ammanns thesis of reaktualisierung
the pathosformeln, inasmuch as the visual connection to the pressefotografien certain ikonografische pattern images of simple and direct the readability, must be generated. on grittmann and ammann, it is, however, important to stressthat this symbolic readability, especially in specific cultural rezeptionskontexten manufactures and therefore expression of a dominant mediendiskurses and reproduction of hegemonic discourses to understand. the factthe algerian civil war that this picture of a grieving wife apparently directly in terms of a western christian iconography as a grieving mother read, although the great majority of the population of the present-day algeria islamic faith, refers to a christian dominated rezeptionskontext and highlightsthat, ultimately, such apparently clear images always ambiguity
arrested here in another context is different, or at least less clearly and directly to read. "the specific, in medienkontext constituent wahrnehmungsmodalitäten
partly arise from the effects of a continuous bilderflusses,
the us around the clock on the various media outlets with pictures of current events for the. the constant bilderstrom, the images are only in the context of other images is necessary to have a trivialization and reduction of the attention. the images are read and decoded, only less than ‚gescannt 'this means looking for striking or special covered. this is particularly evident in the conditions of most image editors shows the mass of images, for publications, they work for, select, digital databases to search. the selection of the conference in search.you enter into these databases. the input received is mostly out a large number of images from different suppliers, the kleinformatig on your screen. the direct selection, the second day out, is thus the first step for a maximum of 3 x 4 cm small on the screen pictured photographsthe only at a later stage ‚groß clicked 'and then a closer examination. it is clear that certain bildformale aspects and aesthetics, such as to facilitate readability of images in small format, just in the first step, rather than, for example, images are selected with a complex structure.last but not least, this is the reason why many images on schockeffekte, since they allow in, scanned bilderstrom 'drawing attention to yourself. so back straight affective values of the images in the foreground. "exercise [...] is a strange mixture of hyperemotionalität,
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